El reported speech no es solo cambiar el tiempo verbal. Cuando reportas lo que alguien dijo, tambiĂ©n tienes que ajustar las referencias temporales y espaciales â porque el "ahora" y el "aquĂ" de cuando se dijo la frase original ya no son los mismos.
Imagina que alguien te dijo ayer: "I'll finish this today." Si lo repites hoy, no puedes decir "She said she would finish this today" â porque "today" ya no es ese dĂa. TendrĂas que decir "She said she would finish it that day."
Para ver el sistema completo del reported speech, la guĂa Reported Speech en InglĂ©s cubre todas las reglas en conjunto.
Las expresiones de tiempo mĂĄs frecuentes y sus cambios
| Estilo directo | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| now | then / at that moment |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| this week | that week |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week / the week after |
| this morning | that morning |
| last night | the night before / the previous night |
| two days ago | two days before / two days earlier |
| soon | soon (no cambia) / shortly after |
| recently | recently (puede mantenerse) |
| in an hour | an hour later |
Las expresiones de lugar
| Estilo directo | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| here | there |
| this (referencia a lugar) | that |
| come (movimiento hacia aquĂ) | go (movimiento hacia allĂĄ) |
- "Come here!" â She told me to go there.
- "I work here." â He said he worked there.
- "This is where I live." â She said that was where she lived.
Los demostrativos: this â that, these â those
Cuando el objeto referenciado ya no estĂĄ presente o pertenece al momento pasado:
- "I love this film." â She said she loved that film.
- "These results are impressive." â He said those results were impressive.
- "This is what I need." â She said that was what she needed.
Si el objeto sigue estando presente y visible en el momento del reporte, "this" puede mantenerse:
- "Can you bring this document tomorrow?" â She asked me to bring this document tomorrow. â (el documento estĂĄ aquĂ, sigue siendo mañana)
Ejemplos en contexto
ConversaciĂłn del dĂa anterior:
Directa: "I'm working on the report now. I'll finish it tomorrow."
Reportada al dĂa siguiente: â She said she was working on the report at that moment and would finish it the next day.
Conversación de esta mañana:
Directa: "The meeting was moved to next Monday."
Reportada la misma tarde: â He said the meeting had been moved to next Monday. (si todavĂa es la misma semana, "next Monday" puede mantenerse) â He said the meeting had been moved to the following Monday. (mĂĄs formal y preciso si hay distancia)
InstrucciĂłn de ayer:
Directa: "Don't forget to call them yesterday â the deadline was today!"
Reportada hoy: â She told me not to forget to call them the day before â the deadline was that day.
CuĂĄndo los cambios son opcionales
En muchos contextos, especialmente en conversaciĂłn informal o cuando reportas algo muy reciente, los cambios de tiempo y lugar no son obligatorios.
Reporte muy inmediato:
- "I'll be there in ten minutes." â He said he'll be there in ten minutes. â (si son literalmente diez minutos despuĂ©s)
La referencia sigue siendo vĂĄlida:
- "The event is next Saturday." â She said the event is next Saturday. â (si todavĂa es antes del sĂĄbado)
- "I live here in Madrid." â He said he lives here in Madrid. â (si sigues en Madrid)
La regla de oro: si la expresiĂłn temporal o espacial ya no es vĂĄlida o causa confusiĂłn, cĂĄmbiala. Si sigue siendo vĂĄlida y clara, puede mantenerse.
Pronombres: el cambio que sĂ es siempre necesario
A diferencia de las expresiones de tiempo (donde hay flexibilidad), los pronombres sĂ tienen que cambiar siempre en reported speech, porque la perspectiva del hablante cambia.
| Estilo directo | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| my | his / her |
| me | him / her |
| we | they |
| our | their |
| you | I / he / she / they (depende del contexto) |
| your | my / his / her / their |
-
"I'll send you my report." â She said she would send me her report.
-
"We need your help." â They said they needed my help.
-
"Can you give me your number?" â He asked if she could give him her number.
El cambio de pronombres puede resultar complejo cuando hay varios participantes. Lo importante es mantener claro quién habla de quién.
Un error frecuente: olvidar el cambio de lugar
Muchos estudiantes recuerdan cambiar el tiempo verbal pero se olvidan de ajustar here/there y los demostrativos.
-
â She said she would meet me here at five. (si ya no estĂĄs en ese lugar)
-
â She said she would meet me there at five.
-
â He told me to bring this document tomorrow. (si el "mañana" ya pasĂł)
-
â He told me to bring that document the following day.
Reported speech en escritura formal
En correos, informes y documentos formales, los cambios de tiempo y lugar suelen ser mĂĄs consistentes. Los textos formales aplican el backshift y los cambios de referencia de forma mĂĄs rigurosa que la conversaciĂłn.
En resumen de reuniones:
- The manager said the deadline had been moved to the following week.
- She stated that those figures would be revised before the next meeting.
En periodismo:
- The spokesperson said the decision had been made that morning.
- He confirmed that the talks would resume the following day.
Dominar estos cambios es lo que da coherencia al reported speech. El error de dejarlos sin cambiar hace que la frase resulte confusa â el oyente no sabe si "hoy" era el hoy de quien hablĂł o el hoy de quien reporta. Esa claridad es exactamente lo que buscan los cambios de referencia en el estilo indirecto.
Fuentes
- Cambridge Dictionary: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
- British Council LearnEnglish: https://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish
- CEFR/MCER (Council of Europe): https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages
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Escrito por Equipo Focus English
Focus English es un proyecto editorial independiente centrado en resolver dudas de inglĂ©s a hispanohablantes. Cada artĂculo se basa en materiales oficiales de referencia (Cambridge English, British Council, Oxford Languages, EOI y marco comĂșn CEFR), se revisa contra fuentes cruzadas y se adapta al registro y los errores tĂpicos del estudiante hispanohablante adulto. Publicamos bajo la firma del equipo por transparencia: el contenido es el producto del trabajo editorial conjunto, no de un autor individual.